[00:00:05]2007年黑暗版历年阅读真题解析第二篇
[00:00:25]沪江考研
[00:00:45]by：daisy8475
[00:02.26]For the past several years,
[00:03.92]the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”
[00:09.89]People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant,
[00:13.85]who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old;
[00:19.68]that gave her an IQ of 228 — the highest score ever recorded.
[00:25.67]IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies,
[00:30.61]to envision paper after it has been folded and cut,
[00:34.34]and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks.
[00:38.89]So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries 
[00:43.37]from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as.
[00:46.81]What’s the difference between love and fondness?
[00:50.11]Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence?
[00:53.69]It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects
[00:58.25]and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions
[01:02.29]that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
[01:06.56]Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.
[01:11.03]Just what does it mean to be smart?
[01:13.87]How much of intelligence can be specified,
[01:16.33]and how much can we learn about it from neurology, 
[01:19.53]genetics, computer science and other fields?
[01:23.20]The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,
[01:28.22]even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.
[01:32.28]The test comes primarily in two forms:
[01:36.40]the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales
[01:41.31] (both come in adult and children’s version).
[01:44.92]Generally costing several hundred dollars,
[01:47.87]they are usually given only by psychologists,
[01:50.89]although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.
[01:55.38]Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible,
[01:59.49]because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers,
[02:05.18]rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.
[02:11.10]Other standardized tests,
[02:14.03]such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE),
[02:20.38]capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
[02:23.61]Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed
[02:28.99] in school and in life,
[02:30.42]argues Robert J. Sternberg.
[02:32.29]In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”,
[02:36.02]Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail 
[02:42.47]to measure creativity and practical knowledge,
[02:45.36]components also critical to problem solving and life success.
[02:49.69]Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations 
[02:55.82]or situations change.
[02:57.64]Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests 
[03:02.39]were given under low-stress conditions,
[03:04.87]but under high-stress conditions,
[03:06.67]IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is,
[03:11.41]it predicted the opposite.
[03:13.88]Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters,
[03:19.42]whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.